Methods for characterisation and stability evaluation of NPs:
| Type of analysis | Method | Instruments available | Parameter measured |
| Spectroscopy | UV-Vis | Spectrophotometer UV/VIS, CARY 300 (Varian) | Plasmon resonance peak |
| Fluorescence | Spectrofluorometer, LS 45 (Perkin-Elmer) | Fluorescence emission and absorption spectra | |
| Atomic absorption spectroscopy | Perkin Elmer AAS300 | Total elemental composition | |
| Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) | ICP-MS Agilent 7500cx (Agilent Technologies) | Total elemental composition | |
| Microscopy | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | TEM, Zeiss 902A | Size and shape |
| Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) | FE-SEM Myra II LMU (Tescan) | Size and shape | |
| Separation | Ultrafiltration | Centrifuge (to be purchase) | Size |
| Centrifugation | Centrifuge (to be purchase) | Sedimentation coefficient | |
| Others | Dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering | Malvern Zetasizer 3000 | Hydrodynamic diameter and surface charge |
| Electrochemical method | Orion 9616BNWP Silver/Sulfide Electrode | Electrical potential | |
| Microplate reader | Victor microplate reader | Absorbance, fluorescence intensity |